Search results

Follow Dr. Purser’s teaching on folate, B12, sulfur pathways and antioxidant support around homocysteine.

HMGB1 normally has functions inside the cell nucleus. When released outside cells in particular settings, it can act as a damage-associated molecular pattern, or DAMP, participating in inflammatory signaling.

IFNG encodes interferon gamma, a cytokine involved in cellular immune defense and activation of macrophages. It differs from the Th2 signals more often emphasized in allergic responses.

IL10 encodes interleukin-10, a cytokine that can limit inflammatory responses and help prevent excessive immune-mediated tissue damage. Immune balance includes resolving a response as well as starting one.

IL12B encodes the p40 subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23. This makes it an intersection between immune pathways rather than a stand-alone measure of one cytokine.

IL13 encodes interleukin-13, a cytokine involved in Th2 immune responses, mucus-related processes and tissue remodeling. It overlaps with some IL-4 functions but is not the same signal.

IL16 encodes interleukin-16, a cytokine involved in attracting and influencing immune cells, including CD4-expressing cells. Its recruitment role helps separate it from other numbered interleukins.

IL1B encodes interleukin-1 beta, a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses and fever. Its production and activation are regulated processes, not simply an on/off consequence of having a common SNP.

IL22 encodes a cytokine that acts on tissues such as epithelial barriers. It can support barrier defense and repair, while its effects depend on the tissue and inflammatory setting.

IL4 encodes interleukin-4, a cytokine involved in Th2 immune responses and antibody class switching, including pathways related to IgE. It operates alongside IL-5 and IL-13 rather than representing all allergic biology by itself.

IL5 encodes interleukin-5, a cytokine important to eosinophil growth, survival and activation. Eosinophils are involved in selected allergic and other inflammatory conditions.

See how homocysteine connects to cysteine and glutathione. Follow seven simple steps, explore the side routes, and tap a word or building block to learn more.