THE PURSER WELLNESS REFERENCE
Understand your lab vocabulary.
205 approved laboratory references. Explore the exact ranges, units and context from Dr. Purser’s adult baseline.
205 entries
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D — lab reference
Not a routine vitamin D status test. Interpret with calcium, phosphorus, kidney function, and PTH.
Reproductive and Sex Hormones17-hydroxyprogesterone — lab reference
Female follicular <80; luteal <285; postmeno <51. Morning timing and stimulation testing may be needed.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic Control2-hour glucose, 75 g OGTT — lab reference
Normal <140; prediabetes 140-199; diabetes ≥200.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney Markers24-hour urine protein — lab reference
Collection completeness must be assessed.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient Status25-hydroxyvitamin D, total — lab reference
<10 severe deficiency; 10-19 mild-moderate deficiency. Toxicity assessment requires clinical context.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) — lab reference
Urine/plasma method, creatinine correction, collection timing, and assay matter.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialAbsolute basophils — lab reference
Lab-specific.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialAbsolute eosinophils — lab reference
Allergy, parasitic disease, medication reaction, and adrenal status may matter.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialAbsolute lymphocyte count (ALC) — lab reference
Age, infection, immune status, and medications affect interpretation.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialAbsolute monocytes — lab reference
Lab-specific.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialAbsolute neutrophil count (ANC) — lab reference
Clinical action thresholds differ from statistical reference intervals.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesACTH, morning — lab reference
Collect 7-10 AM with proper chilled handling. Interpret with concurrent cortisol.
Coagulation and Thrombosis MarkersActivated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) — lab reference
Reagent-specific. Heparin monitoring may use different targets or anti-Xa.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesAlbumin — lab reference
Inflammation, hydration, liver synthesis, renal loss, and nutrition affect result.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesAlbumin/globulin ratio — lab reference
Calculated; interpret component values.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesAldosterone — lab reference
Sodium intake, posture, potassium, time, medications, and renin method are essential.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesAldosterone-renin ratio — lab reference
Screening cutoff depends on units, method, medications, potassium, and collection protocol.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesAlkaline phosphatase (ALP) — lab reference
Age, bone turnover, liver source, pregnancy, and isoenzymes affect interpretation.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesALT — lab reference
Assay-specific. Healthy-population upper limits may be lower than many commercial ranges.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesAmylase — lab reference
Not pancreas-specific; interpret with lipase and clinical presentation.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsANA screen — lab reference
A positive ANA requires titer, pattern, symptoms, and disease-specific antibody interpretation.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesAndrostenedione — lab reference
Assay-specific and age-dependent.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersAnion gap — lab reference
Formula and albumin correction vary by laboratory. Confirm whether potassium is included.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsAnti-CCP — lab reference
Assay-specific; higher values may carry greater specificity.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumAnti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) — lab reference
Ovarian reserve marker, not egg quality. PCOS and hormonal treatments may affect interpretation.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingAntioxidant Protection Assay (APA) — lab reference
Use report-defined protection categories and Purser Wellness clinical prioritization.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersApoB/ApoA-I ratio — lab reference
Approximate risk strata are sex-specific and assay-dependent.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersApolipoprotein A-I — lab reference
Assay-specific. Interpret with HDL and ApoB.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersApolipoprotein B — lab reference
90-99 above desirable; 100-119 borderline high; 120-139 high; ≥140 very high. Risk goals may be lower.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesAST — lab reference
Muscle, liver, hemolysis, alcohol, exercise, and medication context matter.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlBeta-hydroxybutyrate — lab reference
Fasting, ketogenic diets, illness, and diabetes context materially affect interpretation.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesBilirubin, direct — lab reference
Review direct and indirect fractions together.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesBilirubin, total — lab reference
Fasting, Gilbert syndrome, hemolysis, and liver disease may alter result.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersBlood urea nitrogen (BUN) — lab reference
Protein intake, hydration, catabolism, GI bleeding, and kidney function affect result.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersBlood/hemoglobin, urine — lab reference
Confirm with microscopy; exercise, menstruation, myoglobin, and hemolysis may interfere.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersBNP — lab reference
Age, kidney function, obesity, rhythm, and clinical setting affect interpretation.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersBUN/creatinine ratio — lab reference
Calculated and context-dependent. Not a stand-alone diagnostic marker.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlC-peptide, fasting — lab reference
Interpret with concurrent glucose, kidney function, and exogenous insulin use.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsC-reactive protein (standard CRP) — lab reference
Assay-specific. Acute infection, injury, and chronic inflammation may elevate.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersCalcium, ionized — lab reference
pH and specimen handling materially affect results.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersCalcium, total — lab reference
Correct for albumin when appropriate or measure ionized calcium.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersCarbon dioxide / bicarbonate — lab reference
Serum chemistry value. Do not substitute arterial blood-gas bicarbonate ranges.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingCatalase activity — lab reference
Method-specific; establish clinical use and repeatability.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusCeruloplasmin — lab reference
Acute-phase reactant; interpret with serum/urine copper and clinical context.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersChloride — lab reference
Interpret with sodium, bicarbonate, and anion gap.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingCMA intracellular micronutrient panel — lab reference
Use Cell Science Systems method-specific categories. Dr. Purser to approve clinic severity and target language.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusCoenzyme Q10 — lab reference
Interpret with lipid level, supplementation, and performing-lab interval.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsComplement C3 — lab reference
Use performing-lab range and trend with C4/CH50 and disease activity.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsComplement C4 — lab reference
Use performing-lab range and trend.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusCopper, serum — lab reference
Estrogen, pregnancy, inflammation, liver function, and ceruloplasmin affect values.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesCortisol, serum, afternoon/evening — lab reference
Time-specific and assay-specific.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesCortisol, serum, morning — lab reference
Collect at a defined time. Assay-specific; dynamic testing may be required.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesCreatine kinase (CK) — lab reference
Exercise, muscle mass, sex, race, trauma, injections, and statins affect values.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersCreatinine — lab reference
Muscle mass, age, diet, medications, and assay matter. Review with eGFR, not alone.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingCytokine panel — lab reference
Define genes/analytes, specimen, assay, repeatability, and how results change management.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsCytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α — lab reference
Preanalytic and assay variability is high. Use exact laboratory intervals and a defined clinical use case.
Coagulation and Thrombosis MarkersD-dimer — lab reference
Age-adjusted and assay-specific diagnostic strategies may apply. Not a stand-alone thrombosis diagnosis.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesDHEA-S — lab reference
M 18-30: 105-728; F 18-30: 83-377. Values decline substantially with age.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesDihydrotestosterone (DHT) — lab reference
Method and units vary. Define clinical use before adopting a clinic target.
Male-Specific Screening and Gonadal AddendumDihydrotestosterone (DHT) — lab reference
Method-specific. Clarify its role in hair, prostate, androgen therapy, or enzyme questions.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkerseGFR, 2021 CKD-EPI — lab reference
G2 60-89; G3a 45-59; G3b 30-44; G4 15-29; G5 <15. G1/G2 alone do not establish CKD without kidney damage.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) — lab reference
Age, anemia, pregnancy, immunoglobulins, and technical factors affect result.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersErythropoietin — lab reference
Interpret relative to hemoglobin, oxygenation, and kidney function.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesEstradiol — lab reference
Female cycle-phase detail is on the next section. LC-MS/MS is preferred at low concentrations.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumEstradiol, follicular phase — lab reference
Ranges vary across the follicular phase and by assay.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumEstradiol, luteal phase — lab reference
Interpret with cycle timing and ovulation status.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumEstradiol, postmenopausal — lab reference
Method-dependent; LC-MS/MS is preferred at very low values.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesEstrone — lab reference
Assay-specific, especially at low concentrations.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingF2-isoprostanes — lab reference
Urine/plasma and mass-spec/immunoassay results are not interchangeable.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlFasting insulin — lab reference
No universal reference or treatment target. Standardize fasting duration and collection time.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlFasting plasma glucose — lab reference
Normal <100; prediabetes 100-125; diabetes ≥126 on confirmatory testing unless unequivocal hyperglycemia.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersFerritin — lab reference
Acute-phase reactant. Menstruation, menopause, inflammation, liver disease, and iron therapy matter.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsFibrinogen — lab reference
Coagulation factor and acute-phase reactant. Duplicate review with coagulation section if preferred.
Coagulation and Thrombosis MarkersFibrinogen — lab reference
Acute-phase reactant; functional and antigenic assays differ.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersFolate, serum — lab reference
<4.0 suggests deficiency. Recent intake or supplementation may raise serum values.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) — lab reference
Interpret with age, ovarian status, testosterone/estradiol, and pituitary context.
Male-Specific Screening and Gonadal AddendumFree PSA / total PSA — lab reference
Often used when total PSA is in an indeterminate zone. Use the performing-lab risk table.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityFree T3 — lab reference
Useful in selected hyperthyroid states; not a sensitive stand-alone test for hypothyroidism.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityFree T4 — lab reference
Binding abnormalities and severe illness may affect some free-hormone assays.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlFructosamine — lab reference
Assay-specific; reflects approximately 2-3 weeks and is affected by protein turnover.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumFSH, follicular — lab reference
Interpret with estradiol, age, and cycle day.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumFSH, luteal — lab reference
Assay-specific.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumFSH, midcycle — lab reference
Assay-specific.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumFSH, postmenopausal — lab reference
Wide range; hormone therapy may suppress.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesGamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) — lab reference
Alcohol, medications, metabolic disease, and cholestasis may elevate.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingGenetic variants / SNP findings — lab reference
Classify by evidence, zygosity, phenotype, and clinical actionability rather than a numeric range.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesGlobulin — lab reference
Often calculated. Consider SPEP/IFE for unexplained abnormalities.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersGlucose, urine — lab reference
Renal threshold, SGLT2 inhibitors, pregnancy, and hyperglycemia matter.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesGrowth hormone, random — lab reference
Pulsatile secretion makes random GH difficult to interpret; stimulation/suppression testing may be needed.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingGSH/GSSG ratio — lab reference
Only meaningful when both analytes use a validated paired method.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersHaptoglobin — lab reference
Acute-phase reactant; used in hemolysis evaluation with LDH, bilirubin, and reticulocytes.
Male-Specific Screening and Gonadal AddendumhCG, quantitative — lab reference
Use exact assay cutoff and clinical indication.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumhCG, quantitative, nonpregnant — lab reference
Pregnancy interpretation is gestational-age-specific; low-level positives require clinical follow-up.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersHDL cholesterol — lab reference
Higher HDL is not always protective; interpret within the entire risk profile.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingHeavy metals, blood or urine — lab reference
Specimen choice, timing, recent seafood/supplements, provoked vs unprovoked collection, and public-health thresholds matter.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialHematocrit — lab reference
Hydration and altitude are major modifiers. Review alongside hemoglobin and RBC indices.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialHemoglobin — lab reference
Consider altitude and iron/B12/folate status. Pregnancy requires trimester-specific ranges.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlHemoglobin A1C — lab reference
Normal <5.7; prediabetes 5.7-6.4; diabetes ≥6.5. Altered RBC turnover can make A1C unreliable.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersHigh-sensitivity CRP — lab reference
≥2 suggests higher cardiovascular risk; >10 may reflect acute inflammation and should generally be repeated when well.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlHOMA-IR — lab reference
Formula-dependent and population-dependent. Dr. Purser to define clinic interpretation, if used.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersHomocysteine, total — lab reference
No universal wellness target. Interpret with B12, folate, B6, kidney, thyroid, genetics, and medications.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersHyaline casts — lab reference
Small numbers may be nonspecific; other cast types require context.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesIGF-1 — lab reference
Age, sex, nutrition, liver disease, diabetes, and assay matter.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulin A (IgA) — lab reference
Age and assay-specific. Important when interpreting IgA-based celiac testing.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulin G (IgG) — lab reference
Age and assay-specific. Consider subclasses or electrophoresis when indicated.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulin M (IgM) — lab reference
Age and assay-specific.
Male-Specific Screening and Gonadal AddendumInhibin B — lab reference
May assist selected fertility evaluations; not a routine wellness marker.
Coagulation and Thrombosis MarkersINR — lab reference
Normal range only. Warfarin therapeutic targets are indication-specific.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusIodine, urine — lab reference
Spot urine is useful mainly for populations; individual status requires careful collection and interpretation.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersKetones, urine — lab reference
Fasting, ketogenic diet, vomiting, and diabetes context matter.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersLactate, venous — lab reference
Collection method, tourniquet time, exercise, and timing affect result.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesLDH — lab reference
Broad tissue marker; hemolysis can cause false elevation.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersLDL cholesterol — lab reference
Risk-based goals may be <100, <70, or <55 depending on primary/secondary prevention risk.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersLDL particle number (LDL-P) — lab reference
Advanced lipoprotein testing. Use the performing laboratory classification.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersLeukocyte esterase — lab reference
Interpret with microscopy, symptoms, nitrite, and culture.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumLH, follicular — lab reference
Interpret with cycle day and symptoms.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumLH, luteal — lab reference
Assay-specific.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumLH, midcycle — lab reference
Surge timing produces a very wide range.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumLH, postmenopausal — lab reference
Hormone therapy may suppress.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesLipase — lab reference
Assay-specific; diagnostic thresholds for pancreatitis are separate.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersLipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 — lab reference
Method, units, and cutoffs vary. Dr. Purser to decide whether to retain.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersLipoprotein(a) — lab reference
≥75 increased; ≥125 commonly treated as a risk-enhancing level. Units are not directly interchangeable with mg/dL.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesLuteinizing hormone (LH) — lab reference
Interpret with testosterone or estradiol, FSH, cycle phase, and pituitary context.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialLymphocytes — lab reference
Review absolute count and clinical context.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusMagnesium, RBC — lab reference
No universal interval across methods. Record exact performing-lab method and range.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersMagnesium, serum — lab reference
Normal serum magnesium does not exclude tissue depletion.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) — lab reference
Analyzer-specific. Review with MCV and MCHC.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialMean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) — lab reference
Analyzer-specific; hemolysis and cold agglutinins may interfere.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialMean corpuscular volume (MCV) — lab reference
Macrocytosis and microcytosis require cause-specific interpretation.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialMean platelet volume (MPV) — lab reference
Highly analyzer- and handling-specific. Consider trend rather than isolated value.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersMethylmalonic acid — lab reference
More specific for cellular B12 deficiency; kidney impairment can elevate.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingMyeloperoxidase (MPO) — lab reference
Assay and indication-specific.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialNeutrophils — lab reference
Relative percentage can mislead; review absolute count.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersNitrite — lab reference
A negative result does not exclude UTI.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersNon-HDL cholesterol — lab reference
Risk-based goals may be lower; useful when triglycerides are elevated.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersNT-proBNP — lab reference
Use assay- and indication-specific rule-out/rule-in thresholds.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusOmega-3 index / RBC fatty acids — lab reference
Method-specific. Any clinic target should identify the exact assay.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingOxidized glutathione (GSSG) — lab reference
Specify method and stabilization protocol.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingOxidized LDL — lab reference
Use exact laboratory interval. Clinical utility and treatment targets are not universally standardized.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesParathyroid hormone (intact PTH) — lab reference
Interpret with calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and kidney function.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersPhosphorus — lab reference
Interpret with kidney function, calcium, vitamin D, and PTH.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesPlasma free metanephrines — lab reference
Supine collection and stress control improve specificity; use exact lab cutoffs.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialPlatelet count — lab reference
Local analyzer range governs. Review trends and collection artifacts.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersPotassium — lab reference
Hemolysis can falsely elevate. Review kidney function and acid-base status.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesPrealbumin — lab reference
Negative acute-phase reactant; not a stand-alone nutrition marker.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesPregnenolone — lab reference
No broadly accepted wellness target. Use exact assay and clinical indication.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesProgesterone — lab reference
Female phase detail is on the next section. Exogenous progesterone route/timing matters.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumProgesterone, follicular — lab reference
Cycle day and exogenous progesterone timing matter.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumProgesterone, luteal — lab reference
Single values are pulse- and timing-sensitive; confirm the clinical question.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumProgesterone, ovulatory window — lab reference
Wide physiologic variation.
Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve AddendumProgesterone, postmenopausal — lab reference
Exogenous hormone use changes interpretation.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesProlactin — lab reference
Stress, sleep, nipple stimulation, medications, pregnancy, and macroprolactin matter.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersProtein, dipstick — lab reference
Dipstick is albumin-biased. Confirm persistent findings with quantitative ratio.
Coagulation and Thrombosis MarkersProthrombin time (PT) — lab reference
Reagent-specific. Interpret with INR, liver function, vitamin K, and anticoagulants.
Male-Specific Screening and Gonadal AddendumPSA, total — lab reference
No single normal cutoff fits every patient. Use age, baseline, trend, prostate size, risk factors, and shared decision-making.
Glucose, Insulin, and Glycemic ControlRandom plasma glucose — lab reference
Diabetes may be diagnosed at ≥200 with classic symptoms or hyperglycemic crisis.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersRBC, microscopy — lab reference
Persistent microscopic hematuria requires risk-based evaluation.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialRed blood cell count (RBC) — lab reference
Altitude, smoking, hydration, androgen therapy, and pregnancy may shift values.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialRed cell distribution width (RDW-CV) — lab reference
Useful with MCV for mixed nutrient deficiencies and evolving anemia.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingReduced glutathione (GSH) — lab reference
Specify whole blood, RBC, plasma, or intracellular method. Preanalytic handling is critical.
Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating HormonesRenin / plasma renin activity — lab reference
Direct renin and plasma renin activity are not interchangeable.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialReticulocyte count — lab reference
Use corrected reticulocyte count or production index when anemic.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityReverse T3 — lab reference
No broadly accepted treatment target. Dr. Purser to define whether and how this is used.
Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and ImmunoglobulinsRheumatoid factor — lab reference
Assay-specific and nonspecific. Interpret with symptoms and anti-CCP.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusSelenium, serum — lab reference
Trace-metal collection and geographic/dietary context matter.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersSerum iron — lab reference
Morning fasting collection is preferred when practical. Day-to-day variation is substantial.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersSerum osmolality — lab reference
Measured and calculated values may differ. Review osmolal gap when indicated.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesSex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) — lab reference
Estrogen, thyroid, liver disease, insulin resistance, age, and medications affect SHBG.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersSodium — lab reference
Volume status, glucose, osmolality, and medications may alter interpretation.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersSoluble transferrin receptor — lab reference
Can help distinguish iron deficiency from inflammation; use performing-lab interval.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersSpecific gravity — lab reference
Hydration and concentrating ability affect result.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingSuperoxide dismutase activity — lab reference
RBC, plasma, and cellular assays are not interchangeable.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesTestosterone, bioavailable — lab reference
Depends on total testosterone, SHBG, albumin, calculation, and assay.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesTestosterone, free — lab reference
Mayo example age 20-24: M 5.25-20.7; F <0.13-1.08. Declines with age and is method-dependent.
Reproductive and Sex HormonesTestosterone, total — lab reference
Morning collection preferred for men. Method and age matter; confirm unexpected low values.
Coagulation and Thrombosis MarkersThrombin time — lab reference
Reagent-specific; affected by heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and fibrinogen abnormalities.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityThyroglobulin — lab reference
Not a general thyroid wellness target. Use tumor follow-up, thyroid anatomy, and antibody status.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityThyroglobulin antibody (Tg Ab) — lab reference
Assay-specific. Also affects thyroglobulin tumor-marker interpretation.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityThyroperoxidase antibody (TPO Ab) — lab reference
Assay-specific. Positive result supports thyroid autoimmunity but does not determine treatment alone.
Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional TestingTMAO — lab reference
Diet, kidney function, microbiome, timing, and assay affect results.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersTotal cholesterol — lab reference
Screening measure, not a stand-alone treatment target.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersTotal iron-binding capacity (TIBC) — lab reference
Interpret with iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin.
Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle EnzymesTotal protein — lab reference
Review albumin, globulin, and electrophoresis when indicated.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityTotal T3 — lab reference
Affected by binding proteins and nonthyroidal illness.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityTotal T4 — lab reference
Affected by thyroid-binding globulin, pregnancy, estrogen, and medications.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersTransferrin — lab reference
Negative acute-phase reactant; affected by liver function and nutrition.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersTransferrin saturation — lab reference
Calculated from iron and TIBC. Fasting and timing improve consistency.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersTriglycerides — lab reference
150-199 borderline high; 200-499 high; ≥500 severe and pancreatitis-relevant.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityTSH — lab reference
Adult interval. Pregnancy and pituitary disease require different interpretation.
Thyroid Function and Thyroid AutoimmunityTSI / TRAb — lab reference
Use the exact assay cutoff. Helpful in selected Graves disease questions.
Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic MarkersUric acid — lab reference
A gout treatment target is not the same as the healthy-population interval.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersUrine albumin/creatinine ratio — lab reference
A1 <30; A2 30-300; A3 >300. Persistence ≥3 months matters for CKD classification.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersUrine appearance — lab reference
Color and clarity are nonspecific; review medications, hydration, and sediment.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersUrine pH — lab reference
Diet, infection, medications, and specimen age affect result.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersUrine protein/creatinine ratio — lab reference
Use laboratory and indication-specific thresholds; consider timed collection when needed.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusVitamin A, retinol — lab reference
Fasting, liver function, inflammation, and carrier proteins matter.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusVitamin B1, whole blood TDP — lab reference
Fasting and supplement abstention improve interpretability.
Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related MarkersVitamin B12 — lab reference
<150 supports deficiency; 150-400 is often treated as borderline and may warrant MMA/homocysteine review.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusVitamin B6, plasma PLP — lab reference
Recent supplementation can elevate; very high values may be clinically relevant.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusVitamin C, plasma — lab reference
Highly preanalytic-sensitive. Fasting, processing, and recent intake matter.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusVitamin E, alpha-tocopherol — lab reference
Interpret relative to lipids when appropriate; assay-specific.
Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk MarkersVLDL cholesterol — lab reference
Often calculated. Less reliable when triglycerides are markedly elevated.
Urinalysis and Urine Kidney MarkersWBC, microscopy — lab reference
Interpret with symptoms, culture, contamination, and other sediment findings.
Complete Blood Count and DifferentialWhite blood cell count (WBC) — lab reference
Lab-specific. Interpret with symptoms, medication effects, and differential.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutrient StatusZinc, serum — lab reference
Fasting, time of day, inflammation, albumin, and trace-metal collection technique matter.
