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SOD3 works outside cells as part of the body’s antioxidant defenses.

TCN2 helps carry vitamin B12 in the body. A gene result alone cannot tell you your B12 status.

TNF encodes tumor necrosis factor, an immune-signaling protein involved in inflammation, host defense and regulation of cell survival. Its name should not be read as proof that a TNF result indicates cancer.

Follow Dr. Purser’s teaching on folate, B12, sulfur pathways and antioxidant support around homocysteine.

Understand why Dr. Purser teaches glutathione, SOD and catalase as a connected antioxidant team.

Encodes the reduced folate carrier, a protein involved in transporting folates into cells.

CCL11 encodes eotaxin-1, a chemokine best known for attracting eosinophils. Its receptor relationships connect it to allergic inflammation as well as broader research into immune signaling.

CCL2 encodes MCP-1, a chemokine that attracts monocytes toward sites of immune activity. Recruitment is a different task from the cytokines that activate those cells once they arrive.

CCL3 encodes MIP-1 alpha, a chemokine involved in attracting and activating immune cells. It is related to CCL4, or MIP-1 beta, but the two genes and proteins are distinct.

CCL4 encodes MIP-1 beta, a chemokine involved in attracting immune cells. It participates in a recruitment network that includes CCL2, CXCL8 and related chemokines.

CCL5, also called RANTES, is a chemokine that helps direct immune-cell movement. Chemokines tell cells where to go, which is different from measuring the total strength of an immune response.

CD40 encodes a receptor that participates in communication between immune cells, including T-cell help for B-cell responses. Its partner is CD40 ligand, encoded by CD40LG.