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ADIPOQ encodes adiponectin, a hormone released by fat tissue that participates in insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism. Its name often appears in discussions of triglycerides, body composition and metabolic health.

BCO1, also called BCMO1, helps convert beta-carotene from plant foods into retinal, a form used in vitamin A metabolism. Plant carotenoids and preformed vitamin A therefore enter the pathway at different points.

COL5A1 encodes one component of type V collagen, which helps organize collagen fibers. It connects to the strength and structure of tendons, skin and other connective tissues.

CTH helps make cysteine, one of the building blocks your body uses to make glutathione.

Encodes an enzyme involved in fatty-acid metabolism.

Encodes an enzyme involved in fatty-acid metabolism.

GCLM helps regulate one of the steps your body uses to make glutathione.

GGH encodes gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, which removes glutamate residues from folate compounds. This affects folate handling and helps explain why folate metabolism includes retention and processing as well as intake.

Helps maintain the activity of methionine synthase, connecting B12-related chemistry with homocysteine metabolism.

ALPL encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme important to bone and tooth mineralization and vitamin B6 metabolism. Persistently low alkaline phosphatase can deserve a different evaluation from a general nutrient deficiency.

IL10 encodes interleukin-10, a cytokine that can limit inflammatory responses and help prevent excessive immune-mediated tissue damage. Immune balance includes resolving a response as well as starting one.

IL12B encodes the p40 subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23. This makes it an intersection between immune pathways rather than a stand-alone measure of one cytokine.