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Supports proteins involved in blood clotting and bone metabolism.

Supports enzymes, immune function, wound healing and taste.

ADIPOQ encodes adiponectin, a hormone released by fat tissue that participates in insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism. Its name often appears in discussions of triglycerides, body composition and metabolic health.

BCO1, also called BCMO1, helps convert beta-carotene from plant foods into retinal, a form used in vitamin A metabolism. Plant carotenoids and preformed vitamin A therefore enter the pathway at different points.

DHFR helps reduce folic acid and dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate-related forms used in cellular metabolism. This is one part of the folate system, distinct from MTHFR and folate transport into cells.

Encodes an enzyme involved in fatty-acid metabolism.

Encodes an enzyme involved in fatty-acid metabolism.

G6PC2 encodes a glucose-6-phosphatase-related protein expressed in pancreatic islet cells. Common variation is associated with differences in fasting glucose regulation; it is not the insulin receptor.

GGH encodes gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, which removes glutamate residues from folate compounds. This affects folate handling and helps explain why folate metabolism includes retention and processing as well as intake.

The homocysteine chapters include MTHFD1L in the wider folate-related genetic map.

ALPL encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme important to bone and tooth mineralization and vitamin B6 metabolism. Persistently low alkaline phosphatase can deserve a different evaluation from a general nutrient deficiency.

IL18 encodes interleukin-18, a cytokine that can promote interferon-gamma responses in the appropriate immune context. Its receptor includes components encoded by IL18R1 and IL18RAP.