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…but a gene result alone does not choose the form or amount. Food sources Eggs; dairy; liver; orange and dark-green vegetables containing provitamin A carotenoids. Supplement forms Retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate and beta-carotene. What t…

…cy and absorption concerns require clinical interpretation. Food sources Fish; meat; eggs; dairy; foods fortified with B12. Unfortified plant foods are not reliable sources. Supplement forms Cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin…

…t of the pathway assessment, not a stand-alone dosing rule. Food sources Milk; yogurt; eggs; meats; almonds; fortified cereals. Supplement forms Riboflavin and riboflavin-5-phosphate. A question to bring to your visit How does my riboflavin…

…e forms should not be treated as interchangeable therapies. Food sources Poultry; fish; meat; peanuts; enriched grains. Supplement forms Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (niacinamide). What to track and reassess Note any flushing and the exa…

…be assumed to eliminate the risks of excessive B6 exposure. Food sources Chickpeas; fish; poultry; potatoes; bananas; fortified cereals. Supplement forms Pyridoxine hydrochloride and pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P). A question to bring to your …

…Folate, B9, folic acid, methylfolate, 5-MTHF, folinic acid, foods high in folate Different folate forms, different questions Dr. Purser’s course distinguishes methylfolate, folinic acid and methyl-free approaches. It asks what the person al…

…el alone does not establish the amount an individual needs. Food sources Citrus; bell peppers; kiwi; strawberries; broccoli. Supplement forms Ascorbic acid and mineral ascorbates. What to track and reassess Check vitamin C in multivitamins …

… combined D/K and multivitamin products before adding more. Food sources Fatty fish; egg yolks; fortified milk or plant drinks; some UV-exposed mushrooms. Sun exposure is not a food source. Supplement forms D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (chole…

…oduct is being considered and distinguish it from K2 forms. Food sources Leafy greens; broccoli; Brussels sprouts. Supplement forms Phylloquinone, also called phytonadione. What to track and reassess Coordinate any vitamin K change with the…

…ild-cherry-bark preparations are distinct from cherry fruit foods. Do not substitute homemade bark preparations for a reviewed product. What symptoms can—and cannot—tell you There is no established dietary deficiency syndrome for this speci…

A carotenoid found in foods and in the retina. Also called: Zeaxanthin What it does A carotenoid found in foods and in the retina. How supplementation is approached Zeaxanthin is a plant pigment found in the eye and often paired with lutein…

…for the effects of prolonged high intake on copper balance. Food sources Oysters; meat; poultry; beans; pumpkin seeds; fortified cereals. Supplement forms Zinc gluconate, citrate and sulfate are examples. A question to bring to your visit H…