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Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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CD14 helps immune cells recognize microbial components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide, as part of innate immune signaling. This places it upstream of some cytokine responses.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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IL6 encodes interleukin-6, a cytokine involved in immune responses and acute-phase signaling. It can appear in discussions of infection, chronic inflammation and metabolic health, with effects that depend on the context.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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TNF encodes tumor necrosis factor, an immune-signaling protein involved in inflammation, host defense and regulation of cell survival. Its name should not be read as proof that a TNF result indicates cancer.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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CCL3 encodes MIP-1 alpha, a chemokine involved in attracting and activating immune cells. It is related to CCL4, or MIP-1 beta, but the two genes and proteins are distinct.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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CCL4 encodes MIP-1 beta, a chemokine involved in attracting immune cells. It participates in a recruitment network that includes CCL2, CXCL8 and related chemokines.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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CCL5, also called RANTES, is a chemokine that helps direct immune-cell movement. Chemokines tell cells where to go, which is different from measuring the total strength of an immune response.

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