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Membranous nephropathy affects the kidney’s filtering units.

This immune-mediated condition can affect the optic nerves and spinal cord.

A molecule made from glutamate, cysteine and glycine that participates in cellular redox balance.

A family of enzymes made by the body that convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide.

CD14 helps immune cells recognize microbial components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide, as part of innate immune signaling. This places it upstream of some cytokine responses.

IL21 encodes a cytokine involved in regulating lymphocytes, including B-cell responses. It sits within an immune network that connects T-cell help, antibody responses and inflammatory activity.

IL6 encodes interleukin-6, a cytokine involved in immune responses and acute-phase signaling. It can appear in discussions of infection, chronic inflammation and metabolic health, with effects that depend on the context.

TNF encodes tumor necrosis factor, an immune-signaling protein involved in inflammation, host defense and regulation of cell survival. Its name should not be read as proof that a TNF result indicates cancer.

Follow Dr. Purser’s teaching on folate, B12, sulfur pathways and antioxidant support around homocysteine.

HMGB1 normally has functions inside the cell nucleus. When released outside cells in particular settings, it can act as a damage-associated molecular pattern, or DAMP, participating in inflammatory signaling.

IFNG encodes interferon gamma, a cytokine involved in cellular immune defense and activation of macrophages. It differs from the Th2 signals more often emphasized in allergic responses.

IL10 encodes interleukin-10, a cytokine that can limit inflammatory responses and help prevent excessive immune-mediated tissue damage. Immune balance includes resolving a response as well as starting one.