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…elps the receptor complex send its signal inside the cell. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser follows this receptor complex through MyD88 and NF-κB signaling into immune activity. A receptor-related variant and an IL-18 blood measurement answer…

…differs from IL-1 beta in how it is produced and released. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses tissue injury, local inflammation, and the IL-1 receptor response. This teaching also connects immune alarms with oxidative stress and expla…

…ntagonist, a protein that helps limit IL-1 signaling. It occupies the receptor without turning on the same inflammatory signal. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses rs1794066 and the balance between IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and their natu…

… antibody responses, and other parts of adaptive immunity. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains IL-21 receptor signaling through JAK and STAT proteins, including STAT3. He discusses how ongoing immune activation can affect tissues and wh…

…er tissues such as the skin, intestines, and lungs. It can support repair but can also participate in inflammation when signaling is out of balance. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser describes the IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 receptor complex and the r…

…, it forms the IL-23 cytokine. IL23R encodes its receptor. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser uses this distinction to explain the messenger, its component parts, and the receiver on a cell. IL-23 helps sustain Th17 activity, making it relevant…

…and participates in both immune activation and regulation. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains the role of CD25 on activated T cells and regulatory T cells. A soluble form can enter the blood as sIL2R or sCD25, which is a marker of immu…

…lping alert the immune system that tissue needs attention. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses the ST2 receptor, type 2 immune responses, and signals involving eosinophils and allergic inflammation. This helps connect barrier injury wi…

…connection IL-4 helps organize type 2 immune responses and supports antibody switching toward IgE. This makes it relevant to allergies and defense against certain parasites. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains the relationship between I…

…gy, and treatment options. Understand the connection IL-5 supports the development, survival, and activity of eosinophils. Eosinophils are important in some allergic and inflammatory conditions but also have normal immune functions. Follo…

…or soluble IL-6 receptors and the gp130 signaling protein. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses classic signaling, trans-signaling, JAK/STAT3, and the liver’s production of C-reactive protein. He also connects homocysteine and oxidative…

…is a chemokine, a signal that guides immune-cell movement. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL-8 with inflammatory activity in barrier tissues, blood vessels, and lungs. He discusses monocyte activation, homocysteine, and reactive ox…