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Report teachingAug 16, 2026
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Explore macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, CCR1, CCR5, and the recruitment of myeloid cells and lymphocytes.

Report teachingAug 16, 2026
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Explore the p19 and p40 subunits, interleukin-23, and the difference between the IL23A gene and the IL23R receptor.

Nutrient referenceSep 23, 2026
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One member of the vitamin E family; it is distinct from alpha-tocopherol, the form used to establish vitamin E requirements.

Nutrient referenceSep 23, 2026
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A cofactor involved in mitochondrial enzyme reactions, also sold as alpha-lipoic acid.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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ESR1 encodes estrogen receptor alpha, which helps cells respond to estrogen. Receptor signaling is different from the amount of estrogen measured in blood.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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FOLR1 encodes folate receptor alpha, which helps cells take up folate and has an important role in folate transport at the brain’s barriers. Blood folate and folate availability in the nervous system are not identical measurements.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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CCL3 encodes MIP-1 alpha, a chemokine involved in attracting and activating immune cells. It is related to CCL4, or MIP-1 beta, but the two genes and proteins are distinct.

Gene referenceSep 23, 2026
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IL15RA encodes the alpha receptor component for IL-15. It helps present IL-15 to responding immune cells, supporting communication that is important for particular lymphocyte populations.

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