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GCLC helps make glutathione, an antioxidant your body produces. Also called: Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit Making glutathione is a process Dr. Purser groups GCLC and GCLM as glutathione-synthesis machinery. GCLC supplies the c…

IL21 encodes a cytokine involved in regulating lymphocytes, including B-cell responses. It sits within an immune network that connects T-cell help, antibody responses and inflammatory activity.

…helps convert superoxide inside cells as part of the body’s antioxidant defenses. Also called: Superoxide Dismutase 1 Superoxide defense in its own setting Dr. Purser teaches SOD as one member of an antioxidant team. SOD1 works primarily in…

SOD2 works in mitochondria as part of the body’s antioxidant defenses. Also called: Superoxide Dismutase 2 Superoxide defense in its own setting Dr. Purser teaches SOD as one member of an antioxidant team. SOD2 works in mitochondria and use…

SOD3 works outside cells as part of the body’s antioxidant defenses. Also called: Superoxide Dismutase 3 Superoxide defense in its own setting Dr. Purser teaches SOD as one member of an antioxidant team. SOD3 works outside cells and uses co…

…f immune activity. Recruitment is a different task from the cytokines that activate those cells once they arrive. Also called: MCP-1: recruiting monocytes CCL2 encodes MCP-1, a chemokine that attracts monocytes toward sites of immune activ…

CXCL13 is a chemokine that attracts cells expressing CXCR5, including B cells. This pairing helps organize immune-cell traffic in lymphoid tissues and some chronic inflammatory settings.

HMGB1 normally has functions inside the cell nucleus. When released outside cells in particular settings, it can act as a damage-associated molecular pattern, or DAMP, participating in inflammatory signaling.

IL10 encodes interleukin-10, a cytokine that can limit inflammatory responses and help prevent excessive immune-mediated tissue damage. Immune balance includes resolving a response as well as starting one.

IL17A encodes interleukin-17A, a cytokine involved in defense at tissue barriers and inflammatory signaling. It belongs to the Th17 pathway, which is supported by signals including IL-23.

IL1B encodes interleukin-1 beta, a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses and fever. Its production and activation are regulated processes, not simply an on/off consequence of having a common SNP.

IL22 encodes a cytokine that acts on tissues such as epithelial barriers. It can support barrier defense and repair, while its effects depend on the tissue and inflammatory setting.