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…, it forms the IL-23 cytokine. IL23R encodes its receptor. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser uses this distinction to explain the messenger, its component parts, and the receiver on a cell. IL-23 helps sustain Th17 activity, making it relevant…

…and participates in both immune activation and regulation. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains the role of CD25 on activated T cells and regulatory T cells. A soluble form can enter the blood as sIL2R or sCD25, which is a marker of immu…

…lping alert the immune system that tissue needs attention. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses the ST2 receptor, type 2 immune responses, and signals involving eosinophils and allergic inflammation. This helps connect barrier injury wi…

…connection IL-4 helps organize type 2 immune responses and supports antibody switching toward IgE. This makes it relevant to allergies and defense against certain parasites. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains the relationship between I…

…gy, and treatment options. Understand the connection IL-5 supports the development, survival, and activity of eosinophils. Eosinophils are important in some allergic and inflammatory conditions but also have normal immune functions. Follo…

…or soluble IL-6 receptors and the gp130 signaling protein. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses classic signaling, trans-signaling, JAK/STAT3, and the liver’s production of C-reactive protein. He also connects homocysteine and oxidative…

…is a chemokine, a signal that guides immune-cell movement. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL-8 with inflammatory activity in barrier tissues, blood vessels, and lungs. He discusses monocyte activation, homocysteine, and reactive ox…

…lso called sCD25. Its level can reflect T-cell activation. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses sIL2R in sarcoidosis, granuloma formation, and other settings of immune activation. A high level is not specific to sarcoidosis; infection, …

…fated form, DHEAS, are related but different measurements. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses rs2910397 and rs2637125 in this pathway, alongside liver processing, hormone balance, and oxidative stress. Common variants are different fr…

…1 helps regulate immune activity and tissue repair. It can support wound healing while also contributing to fibrosis when repair responses persist. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects TGF-β1 signaling with fibroblasts, collagen depositi…

…obes and damaged tissue. It often works with TLR1 or TLR6. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser follows TLR2 signaling through MyD88 and NF-κB into cytokine production. This connects the initial recognition of a trigger with inflammation, blood-v…

…e programmed cell death, a normal quality-control process. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects DR4 signaling with damaged-cell removal, caspase activation, and the way cellular stress can affect the response. This is different from TNF-…