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Genomic imprinting describes how some genes are regulated differently depending on which parent contributed them. Understand the connection Genomic imprinting describes how some genes are regulated differently depending on which parent con…

Kidney disease has many possible causes. Understand the connection Kidney disease has many possible causes. Inflammation can participate in injury, but glucose, blood pressure, infection, obstruction, medicines, and other processes also ne…

Learn how this teaching connects shoulder and hip stiffness with immune signals. Understand the connection Polymyalgia rheumatica, or PMR, often causes shoulder and hip-girdle pain with substantial morning stiffness. Similar symptoms can h…

Understand what the F9 gene does and why a result needs careful interpretation. Understand the connection F9 encodes clotting factor IX. Disease-causing variants can be involved in hemophilia B, a bleeding disorder. F9 is on the X chromoso…

Primary ovarian insufficiency describes reduced ovarian function before age 40. Understand the connection Primary ovarian insufficiency describes reduced ovarian function before age 40. It can have genetic, immune, treatment-related, or un…

CREST is an older name for a pattern of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Understand the connection CREST is an older term for a pattern of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. The condition can involve blood vessels, skin, digestion,…

Dr. Purser discusses interleukins and oxidative stress in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Understand the connection Cystic fibrosis affects mucus handling and has an inherited basis involving CFTR. Lung care also involves infection, airway c…

An amino acid used in protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. Also called: Asparagine What it does An amino acid used in protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. How supplementation is approached An asparagine finding calls…

A carotenoid that the body can convert to vitamin A. Also called: Beta-Carotene What it does A carotenoid that the body can convert to vitamin A. How supplementation is approached Distinguish plant beta-carotene from preformed vitamin A bef…

Helps enzymes process fats, carbohydrates and amino acids. Also called: Biotin What it does Helps enzymes process fats, carbohydrates and amino acids. Possible deficiency symptoms Rare deficiency may cause hair thinning, rash and neurologic…

… trace element found in food; a human dietary requirement has not been established. Also called: Boron What it does A trace element found in food; a human dietary requirement has not been established. How supplementation is approached Boron…

Provides structure for bones and teeth and supports muscle and nerve signaling. Also called: Calcium What it does Provides structure for bones and teeth and supports muscle and nerve signaling. Possible deficiency symptoms Long-term low int…