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…ceptor without turning on the same inflammatory signal. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses rs1794066 and the balance between IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and their natural antagonist. A common variant may appear in research without proving …

…tibody responses, and other parts of adaptive immunity. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains IL-21 receptor signaling through JAK and STAT proteins, including STAT3. He discusses how ongoing immune activation can affect tissues and why t…

…ipate in inflammation when signaling is out of balance. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser describes the IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 receptor complex and the role of Th17, Th22, and innate lymphoid cells. The same signal can have different effects depe…

…t forms the IL-23 cytokine. IL23R encodes its receptor. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser uses this distinction to explain the messenger, its component parts, and the receiver on a cell. IL-23 helps sustain Th17 activity, making it relevant to…

… cells and their downstream cytokines, including IL-17. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL-23 receptor signaling with inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory joint pathways. Targeting IL-23 with a medicine is differe…

… participates in both immune activation and regulation. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains the role of CD25 on activated T cells and regulatory T cells. A soluble form can enter the blood as sIL2R or sCD25, which is a marker of immune …

…ng alert the immune system that tissue needs attention. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses the ST2 receptor, type 2 immune responses, and signals involving eosinophils and allergic inflammation. This helps connect barrier injury with …

…ant to allergies and defense against certain parasites. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains the relationship between IL-4, IL-13, and IL-4 receptor alpha. He discusses this pathway in allergic and eosinophilic conditions and distinguish…

…atory conditions but also have normal immune functions. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL-5 signaling with eosinophilic asthma and other eosinophil-related conditions. Blood eosinophil counts, clinical symptoms, and the underlying …

…soluble IL-6 receptors and the gp130 signaling protein. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses classic signaling, trans-signaling, JAK/STAT3, and the liver’s production of C-reactive protein. He also connects homocysteine and oxidative st…

…a chemokine, a signal that guides immune-cell movement. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL-8 with inflammatory activity in barrier tissues, blood vessels, and lungs. He discusses monocyte activation, homocysteine, and reactive oxyge…

… called sCD25. Its level can reflect T-cell activation. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses sIL2R in sarcoidosis, granuloma formation, and other settings of immune activation. A high level is not specific to sarcoidosis; infection, oth…