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…al and helps direct B cells and follicular helper T cells. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects this navigation system with germinal centers, antibody production, and immune regulation. The name of a receptor on a panel is different from…

… other roles. These categories answer different questions. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser groups immune discussions around signals such as IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-17, IL-23, and interferons. CCL2/MCP-1 and IL-8/CXCL8 are chemokines; …

… which matters for the normal relaxation of blood vessels. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser follows ADMA, nitric oxide synthase, endothelial function, and oxidative stress. DDAH1 is not a cytokine, even when it appears in a discussion of vasc…

…eron-gamma, which belongs to the type II interferon group. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses interferon-beta in the context of immune signaling and multiple sclerosis. A naturally produced immune signal and a prescribed interferon-be…

…tivate macrophages and organize defense against infection. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects the Th1 immune response with macrophage activation, antigen presentation, and inflammation. He discusses the interaction of IFN-γ with TNF-al…

…nce; it is not a direct measurement of IFN-γ in the blood. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects regulatory variation with the Th1 immune pathway, macrophage activation, and inflammatory signaling. The exact allele and testing method matt…

… same gene can have many variants with different meanings. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser follows IFN-γ signaling into T-cell and macrophage activity and the relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress. A genotype needs to be con…

…ch cells are involved and what is happening in the tissue. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses IL-10 promoter variants and the balance between immune defense and regulation. This teaching connects IL-10 with macrophages, T cells, and o…

… IL-12 combines p40 with p35; IL-23 combines p40 with p19. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser explains why the shared p40 subunit connects the Th1 and Th17 immune pathways. This also helps explain the difference between treatments that target p…

…sues. It works closely with IL-4 but is a distinct signal. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL-13 with eosinophilic and allergic conditions and explains the shared IL-4 receptor alpha signaling pathway. Dupilumab is discussed as a me…

…to neighboring cells, a process called trans-presentation. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser connects IL15RA with natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, and signaling in muscle and joint tissue. The cytokine IL-15 and its receptor IL15RA are rela…

…ursor protein and is processed to release its active form. Follow the pathway Dr. Purser discusses caspase-3, CD4-related immune-cell recruitment, and inflammatory activity in tissues. This is one part of an immune network rather than a st…