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Glutathione is part of the body’s antioxidant network.

Explore the allergy response and the immune signals discussed in Dr. Purser’s alpha-gal report.

Learn about the interferon and IL-15 pathways described in this teaching.

Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome can involve persistent discomfort and urinary symptoms.

Primary ovarian insufficiency describes reduced ovarian function before age 40.

A family of enzymes made by the body that convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide.

HMGB1 normally has functions inside the cell nucleus. When released outside cells in particular settings, it can act as a damage-associated molecular pattern, or DAMP, participating in inflammatory signaling.

IFNG encodes interferon gamma, a cytokine involved in cellular immune defense and activation of macrophages. It differs from the Th2 signals more often emphasized in allergic responses.

IL12B encodes the p40 subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23. This makes it an intersection between immune pathways rather than a stand-alone measure of one cytokine.

IL13 encodes interleukin-13, a cytokine involved in Th2 immune responses, mucus-related processes and tissue remodeling. It overlaps with some IL-4 functions but is not the same signal.

IL15 encodes a cytokine involved in the survival and activity of immune cells, including natural killer cells and memory CD8 T cells. Its receptor system includes IL15RA.

IL16 encodes interleukin-16, a cytokine involved in attracting and influencing immune cells, including CD4-expressing cells. Its recruitment role helps separate it from other numbered interleukins.