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CD14 helps immune cells recognize microbial components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide, as part of innate immune signaling. This places it upstream of some cytokine responses.

CHDH helps convert choline toward betaine, a nutrient involved in the homocysteine pathway.

COL5A1 encodes one component of type V collagen, which helps organize collagen fibers. It connects to the strength and structure of tendons, skin and other connective tissues.

Makes an enzyme that helps break down catechol compounds, including some neurotransmitters. A common variant does not by itself explain mood, attention or stress tolerance.

CTH helps make cysteine, one of the building blocks your body uses to make glutathione.

The older Purser genetics reference uses the heading “DAOA (AOC1)” in its gut section.

DHFR helps reduce folic acid and dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate-related forms used in cellular metabolism. This is one part of the folate system, distinct from MTHFR and folate transport into cells.

Encodes an enzyme involved in fatty-acid metabolism.

Encodes an enzyme involved in fatty-acid metabolism.

FOLH1 helps break down folate from food so it can be absorbed. This is different from the MTHFR step.

FOLR1 encodes folate receptor alpha, which helps cells take up folate and has an important role in folate transport at the brain’s barriers. Blood folate and folate availability in the nervous system are not identical measurements.

FOLR2 encodes folate receptor beta, a folate-binding protein expressed in particular cell types, including subsets of immune cells. It is distinct from the FOLR1 receptor and the SLC19A1 reduced folate carrier.