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… trace element found in food; a human dietary requirement has not been established. Also called: Boron What it does A trace element found in food; a human dietary requirement has not been established. How supplementation is approached Boron…

A molecule made from glutamate, cysteine and glycine that participates in cellular redox balance. Also called: Glutathione (GSH), GSH Making, using and recycling glutathione Your body makes glutathione from three building blocks. Several ge…

Helps enzymes, nerves and muscles work, and participates in energy production. Also called: Magnesium, magnesium deficiency, muscle cramps A cofactor across several systems Dr. Purser’s course places magnesium in energy, muscle, nerve, slee…

Encodes diamine oxidase, an enzyme involved in breaking down histamine and other amines. DAO is used here as an enzyme nickname; it is also the official symbol of a different gene. Also called: DAO, Amine Oxidase, Copper Containing 1, Diami…

ATG16L1 is involved in autophagy, a process that helps cells recycle parts. Also called: Autophagy-Related 16-Like 1 Cellular recycling meets gut immunity ATG16L1 is involved in autophagy, a process that helps cells recycle parts. It is stu…

FUT2 affects substances on the surfaces of the gut and other moist tissues and is studied in relation to the microbiome. Also called: Fucosyltransferase 2 The mucosal and microbiome connection Dr. Purser’s course places FUT2 in its gut–immu…

IL21 encodes a cytokine involved in regulating lymphocytes, including B-cell responses. It sits within an immune network that connects T-cell help, antibody responses and inflammatory activity. Also called: IL-21, Interleukin 21 A link betw…

IL23R encodes part of the receptor that receives IL-23 signals. This connects the gene to the maintenance of Th17-related immune responses, which differ from the Th2 patterns discussed in allergy. Also called: IL-23R, Interleukin 23 Recepto…

IL6 encodes interleukin-6, a cytokine involved in immune responses and acute-phase signaling. It can appear in discussions of infection, chronic inflammation and metabolic health, with effects that depend on the context. Also called: IL-6, …

CCL3 encodes MIP-1 alpha, a chemokine involved in attracting and activating immune cells. It is related to CCL4, or MIP-1 beta, but the two genes and proteins are distinct. Also called: MIP-1 alpha and the chemokine cluster CCL3 encodes MI…

Explore multiple sclerosis (MS), central nervous system inflammation, myelin, symptoms, and related immune signals. Understand the connection Multiple sclerosis involves immune-mediated injury to myelin and other nervous-system structures.…

Years ago, I watched cystic fibrosis (CF) patients receive nebulized glutathione that didn’t seem to help. Decades later, our team developed and patented the first fully functional, reduced, and stable form — VARS Glutathione. Why does thi…