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This TNF promoter variant appears in Dr. Purser’s discussion of inflammatory signaling.

Provides structure for bones and teeth and supports muscle and nerve signaling.

A compound involved in cell-membrane signaling.

Helps fluid balance, nerve signaling and muscle contraction.

CD14 helps immune cells recognize microbial components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide, as part of innate immune signaling. This places it upstream of some cytokine responses.

ESR1 encodes estrogen receptor alpha, which helps cells respond to estrogen. Receptor signaling is different from the amount of estrogen measured in blood.

GDF5 encodes growth differentiation factor 5, a signaling protein involved in skeletal development, joint formation and cartilage biology. Its name does not mean a SNP measures the ability to build muscle.

HFE helps regulate iron absorption through signaling that influences hepcidin. The commonly discussed C282Y and H63D variants correspond to rs1800562 and rs1799945. Their implications depend on the combination present and clinical findings.

IL6 encodes interleukin-6, a cytokine involved in immune responses and acute-phase signaling. It can appear in discussions of infection, chronic inflammation and metabolic health, with effects that depend on the context.

PTGS2, commonly called COX-2, encodes an enzyme involved in prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins participate in pain, fever and inflammatory signaling.

TNF encodes tumor necrosis factor, an immune-signaling protein involved in inflammation, host defense and regulation of cell survival. Its name should not be read as proof that a TNF result indicates cancer.

CCL11 encodes eotaxin-1, a chemokine best known for attracting eosinophils. Its receptor relationships connect it to allergic inflammation as well as broader research into immune signaling.