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Is used to make coenzyme A, important in energy and fat metabolism.

Needed for nerve function, DNA production and healthy red blood cells.

Forms enzyme helpers used in energy metabolism.

Supports amino-acid metabolism, neurotransmitter production and hemoglobin synthesis.

Supports DNA synthesis and one-carbon metabolism, including the pathway that processes homocysteine.

ADIPOQ encodes adiponectin, a hormone released by fat tissue that participates in insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism. Its name often appears in discussions of triglycerides, body composition and metabolic health.

BCO1, also called BCMO1, helps convert beta-carotene from plant foods into retinal, a form used in vitamin A metabolism. Plant carotenoids and preformed vitamin A therefore enter the pathway at different points.

BRCA1 helps repair damaged DNA. Clinically classified pathogenic variants can affect inherited cancer risk; a common SNP or a variant of uncertain significance is a different finding.

BRCA2 helps repair damaged DNA. Clinically classified pathogenic variants can affect inherited cancer risk; a common SNP or a variant of uncertain significance is a different finding.

DHFR helps reduce folic acid and dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate-related forms used in cellular metabolism. This is one part of the folate system, distinct from MTHFR and folate transport into cells.

FOLR1 encodes folate receptor alpha, which helps cells take up folate and has an important role in folate transport at the brain’s barriers. Blood folate and folate availability in the nervous system are not identical measurements.

GGH encodes gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, which removes glutamate residues from folate compounds. This affects folate handling and helps explain why folate metabolism includes retention and processing as well as intake.